Longitudinal assessment of real-world patient adherence: a 12-month electronic patient-reported outcomes follow-up of women with early breast cancer undergoing treatment.

BACKGROUND: Electronic patient-reported outcomes (ePROs) assess patients' health status and quality of life, improving patient care and treatment effects, yet little is known about their use and adherence in routine patient care. AIMS: We evaluated the adherence of invasive breast cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) patients to ePROs follow-up and whether specific patient characteristics are related to longitudinal non-adherence. METHODS: Since November 2016, the Breast Center at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin has implemented an ongoing prospective PRO routine program, requiring patients to complete ePROs assessments and consent to email-based follow-up in the first 12 months after therapy starts. Frequencies and summary statistics are presented. Multiple logistic regression models were performed to determine an association between patient characteristics and non-adherence. RESULTS: Out of 578 patients, 239 patients (41.3%, 95%CI: 37.3-45.5%) completed baseline assessment and all five ePROs follow-up during the first 12 months after therapy. On average, above 70% of those patients responded to the ePROs follow-up assessment. Adherence to the ePROs follow-up was higher during the COVID-19 pandemic than in the time periods before (47.4% (111/234) vs. 33.6% (71/211)). Factors associated with longitudinal non-adherence were younger age, a higher number of comorbidities, no chemotherapy, and a low physical functioning score in the EORTC QLQ-C30 at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: The study reveals moderate adherence to 12-month ePROs follow-up assessments in invasive early breast cancer and DCIS patients, with response rates ranging from 60 to 80%. Emphasizing the benefits for young patients and those with high disease burdens might further increase adherence.

Adherence to hormonal therapy after surgery among older women with ductal carcinoma in situ: Implications for breast cancer-related adverse health events.

BACKGROUND: Evidence from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) shows that receipt of hormonal therapy after surgery for estrogen receptor-positive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) reduces the risk of DCIS and contralateral invasive breast cancer (IBC) but not death from breast cancer. RCTs examined homogeneous samples, and therefore whether this evidence can be generalized to diverse populations is unclear. METHODS: Population-based data from four state cancer registries (California, New Jersey, New York, and Texas) were analyzed on women aged 65 years and older newly diagnosed with DCIS who underwent surgery with or without radiation during the years 2006-2013. Registry records were merged with Medicare enrollment in Parts A and/or B and D (prescription drugs) and associated claims. Whether adherence to hormonal therapy was associated with adverse breast cancer-related health events was analyzed. RESULTS: Achieving excellent adherence did not affect death from breast cancer. In contrast, the risk of developing a subsequent breast tumor was 6.24 percentage points (breast-conserving surgery [BCS] with radiation therapy [RT]) and 10.54 percentage points (BCS alone) lower for women with excellent versus low adherence (p < .00001). For excellent versus good adherence, the reduced risk among women who had BCS with and without RT was approximately 3 and 5 percentage points, respectively. A similar pattern emerged for the risk of IBC among women who achieved excellent versus good or low adherence, whereas good versus low adherence comparisons were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis of a diverse population-based cohort of women with DCIS demonstrates that achieving excellent adherence to hormonal therapy is critical to minimizing the occurrence of developing subsequent breast tumors. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Our analysis of a diverse population-based cohort of women with ductal carcinoma in situ demonstrates that achieving excellent adherence to hormonal therapy is critical to minimizing the occurrence of developing subsequent breast tumors.

High-grade intraductal carcinoma of the parotid gland harboring CTNNA1::ALK rearrangement: Changes in genetic status using genetic testing during treatment with an ALK inhibitor.

BACKGROUND: Salivary gland carcinomas harboring anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements are rare. Here, we present the pathological characteristics, clinical course, and changes in the genetic status of a salivary gland carcinoma harboring a catenin alpha 1 (CTNNA1)::ALK rearrangement during treatment with an ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). METHODS: A 59-year-old man with a parotid tumor and cervical lymph node metastases underwent total parotidectomy and radical neck dissection. One month after completion of postoperative radiotherapy, the patient experienced multiple recurrences. RESULTS: Subsequent treatment with the ALK-TKI alectinib was initially effective against the intraductal carcinoma harboring CTNNA1::ALK rearrangement and TP53 mutation. However, 10 months later the patients' condition deteriorated, and an additional phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) mutation was detected. The patient ultimately succumbed to multiple organ failure. CONCLUSION: The clinical course suggested the concurrent emergence of TP53 and PIK3CA mutations and ALK-TKI drug-selective growth of non-ALK rearrangement gene tumor cells.

Presurgical Oral Tamoxifen vs Transdermal 4-Hydroxytamoxifen in Women With Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Oral tamoxifen citrate benefits women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), but concern about toxic effects has limited acceptance. Previous pilot studies have suggested transdermal 4-hydroxytamoxifen gel has equivalent antiproliferative efficacy to oral tamoxifen, with low systemic exposure. Objective: To demonstrate that 4-hydroxytamoxifen gel applied to the breast skin is noninferior to oral tamoxifen in its antiproliferative effect in DCIS lesions. Design, Setting, and Participants: This randomized, double-blind, phase 2 preoperative window trial was performed at multicenter breast surgery referral practices from May 31, 2017, to January 27, 2021. Among 408 women with estrogen receptor-positive DCIS who were approached, 120 consented and 100 initiated study treatment. The most common reasons for nonparticipation were surgical delay, disinterest in research, and concerns about toxic effects. Data were analyzed from January 26, 2021, to October 5, 2022. Intervention: Random assignment to oral tamoxifen citrate, 20 mg/d, and gel placebo or 4-hydroxytamoxifen gel, 2 mg/d per breast, and oral placebo, for 4 to 10 weeks, followed by DCIS resection. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was absolute change in DCIS Ki-67 labeling index (Ki67-LI). Secondary end points included 12-gene DCIS Score, breast tissue tamoxifen metabolite concentrations, tamoxifen-responsive plasma protein levels, and patient-reported symptoms. Noninferiority of Ki67-LI reduction by 4-hydroxytamoxifen gel was tested using analysis of covariance; within- and between-arm comparisons were performed with paired t tests for mean values or the Wilcoxon rank sum test for medians. Results: Of 90 participants completing treatment (mean [SD] age, 55 [11] years; 8 [8.9%] Asian, 16 [17.8%] Black, 8 [8.9%] Latina, and 53 [58.9%] White), 15 lacked residual DCIS in the surgical sample, leaving 75 evaluable for the primary end point analysis (40 in the oral tamoxifen group and 35 in the 4-hydroxytamoxifen gel group). Posttreatment Ki67-LI was 3.3% higher (80% CI, 2.1%-4.6%) in the 4-hydroxytamoxifen gel group compared with the oral tamoxifen group, exceeding the noninferiority margin (2.6%). The DCIS Score decreased more with oral tamoxifen treatment (-16 [95% CI, -22 to -9.4]) than with 4-hydroxytamoxifen gel (-1.8 [95% CI, -5.8 to 2.3]). The median 4-hydroxytamoxifen concentrations deep in the breast were nonsignificantly higher in the oral tamoxifen group (5.7 [IQR, 4.0-7.9] vs 3.8 [IQR, 1.3-7.9] ng/g), whereas endoxifen was abundant in the oral tamoxifen group and minimal in the 4-hydroxytamoxifen gel group (median, 13.0 [IQR, 8.9-20.6] vs 0.3 [IQR, 0-0.3] ng/g; P < .001). Oral tamoxifen caused expected adverse changes in plasma protein levels and vasomotor symptoms, with minimal changes in the transdermal group. Conclusions and Relevance: In this randomized clinical trial, antiproliferative noninferiority of 4-hydroxytamoxifen gel to oral tamoxifen was not confirmed, potentially owing to endoxifen exposure differences. New transdermal approaches must deliver higher drug quantities and/or include the most potent metabolites. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02993159.

Real-World Evidence on the Use of Endocrine Therapy for Ductal Carcinoma In Situ in Patients Treated With Breast-Conserving Surgery Followed by Postoperative Radiation Therapy: A Brazilian Retrospective Cohort Study.

INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND: This study aims to evaluate the reproducibility of findings from randomized controlled trials regarding adjuvant hormone therapy (HT) for breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in a real-life scenario. MATERIALS/METHODS: This retrospective cohort study used Fundação Oncocentro de São Paulo database. It included DCIS patients DCIS who received breast-conserving surgery and postoperative radiation therapy. The endpoints were local control (LC), breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS), and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: We analyzed 2192 patients treated between 2000 and 2020. The median FU was 48.99 months. Most patients (53.33%; n = 1169) received adjuvant HT. Patients not receiving adjuvant HT tend to be older (P = .021) and have a lower educational level (P < .001). At the end of FU, 1.5% of patients had local recurrence, and there was no significant difference between groups (P = .19). The 10-year OS and BCSS were 89.4% and 97.5% for adjuvant HT versus 91.5% and 98.5% for no adjuvant HT, respectively, and there were no significant differences between groups. The 10-year OS was 93.25% for medium/high education level versus 87.31% for low (HR for death 0.51; 95% CI, 0.32-0.83; P = .007). CONCLUSIONS: The benefits of adjuvant HT for DCIS were not reproduced in a Brazilian cohort. Education significantly impacted survival and HT usage, reflecting the influence of socioeconomic factors. These findings can allow for more precise interventions.

Radiotherapy versus low-dose tamoxifen following breast-conserving surgery for low-risk and estrogen receptor-positive breast ductal carcinoma in situ: an international open-label randomized non-inferiority trial (TBCC-ARO DCIS Trial).

BACKGROUND: Radiotherapy (RT) following breast-conserving surgery (BCS) is mainly used to decrease the rate of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) in women with breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Recent studies have demonstrated that low-dose tamoxifen significantly reduces IBTR in breast DCIS. Here, we aim to determine whether the administration of low-dose tamoxifen is non-inferior to RT in preventing IBTR in patients with low-risk characteristics of breast DCIS. METHODS/DESIGN: This is a prospective, international, open-label, randomized, non-inferiority trial. Patients with low-risk clinicopathologic features (> 40 years old, low risk of breast cancer susceptibility gene (BRCA) 1 and BRCA2 mutations, mammographically detected unicentric and non-mass lesions, low- or intermediate-grade without comedo or necrosis, measuring < 2.5 cm with margins ≥ 3 mm, and estrogen receptor-positive status) of DCIS who underwent BCS will be randomized at a 1:1 ratio to either receive tamoxifen (5 mg/day) for 5 years or undergo RT with conventional fractions (50 Gy in 25 fractions) or hypofractionations (40.05 Gy in 15 fractions). Randomization will be stratified by the Taiwan Breast Cancer Consortium. As approximately 5% of patients cannot tolerate the side effects of low-dose tamoxifen and will receive RT, we estimate that 405 patients will be randomized to a low-dose tamoxifen arm and 405 patients to the RT arm, according to a non-inferiority margin within 5% of IBTR difference and 90% ß-power noticing non-inferiority. The primary endpoints are breast tumor recurrence, including ipsilateral, regional, contralateral, and distant recurrence of breast DCIS or invasive cancer. The secondary endpoints are overall survival and adverse effects of RT and tamoxifen. Translational studies will also be conducted for this trial. DISCUSSION: This is the first non-inferiority trial on breast DCIS. This study will provide an important recommendation for clinical physicians on whether to use low-dose adjuvant tamoxifen for patients with low-risk breast DCIS who do not want to receive adjuvant RT. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT04046159, Registered on April 30, 2019.

Non-systemic Approaches for Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: Exploring the Potential of Ultra-flexible Combisomes as a Novel Drug Delivery Strategy-a Review.

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is currently treated through breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy), radiation therapy, breast-removing surgery (mastectomy), and hormone therapy to prevent further progression into invasive breast cancer and recurrence. Discrepancies concerning the prognosis of DCIS have sparked controversy about adequate treatment. Considering the severe medical and psychological consequences of mastectomy, developing a treatment approach that arrests the progression of DCIS to the invasive stage without affecting the non-cancerous cells is of utmost importance. In the current review, the problems associated with the diagnosis and management of DCIS have been thoroughly discussed. A summary of the route of administration and drug delivery systems to manage DCIS was also provoked. Innovative ultra-flexible combisomes were also proposed for the effective management of DCIS. Prevention is essential in managing the risk of DCIS and reducing the risk of progression to invasive breast cancer. While prevention is vital, it is not always possible to prevent DCIS, and in some cases, treatment may be necessary. Hence, this review recommends that ultra-flexible combisomes administered as a topical gel provide a non-systemic approach for managing DCIS and thus significantly minimize the side effects and costs associated with existing therapies.

Imaging findings for response evaluation of ductal carcinoma in situ in breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant systemic therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: In approximately 45% of invasive breast cancer (IBC) patients treated with neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is present. Recent studies suggest response of DCIS to NST. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarise and examine the current literature on imaging findings for different imaging modalities evaluating DCIS response to NST. More specifically, imaging findings of DCIS pre- and post-NST, and the effect of different pathological complete response (pCR) definitions, will be evaluated on mammography, breast MRI, and contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM). METHODS: PubMed and Embase databases were searched for studies investigating NST response of IBC, including information on DCIS. Imaging findings and response evaluation of DCIS were assessed for mammography, breast MRI, and CEM. A meta-analysis was conducted per imaging modality to calculate pooled sensitivity and specificity for detecting residual disease between pCR definition no residual invasive disease (ypT0/is) and no residual invasive or in situ disease (ypT0). RESULTS: Thirty-one studies were included. Calcifications on mammography are related to DCIS, but can persist despite complete response of DCIS. In 20 breast MRI studies, an average of 57% of residual DCIS showed enhancement. A meta-analysis of 17 breast MRI studies confirmed higher pooled sensitivity (0.86 versus 0.82) and lower pooled specificity (0.61 versus 0.68) for detection of residual disease when DCIS is considered pCR (ypT0/is). Three CEM studies suggest the potential benefit of simultaneous evaluation of calcifications and enhancement. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Calcifications on mammography can remain despite complete response of DCIS, and residual DCIS does not always show enhancement on breast MRI and CEM. Moreover, pCR definition effects diagnostic performance of breast MRI. Given the lack of evidence on imaging findings of response of the DCIS component to NST, further research is demanded. KEY POINTS: • Ductal carcinoma in situ has shown to be responsive to neoadjuvant systemic therapy, but imaging studies mainly focus on response of the invasive tumour. • The 31 included studies demonstrate that after neoadjuvant systemic therapy, calcifications on mammography can remain despite complete response of DCIS and residual DCIS does not always show enhancement on MRI and contrast-enhanced mammography. • The definition of pCR has impact on the diagnostic performance of MRI in detecting residual disease, and when DCIS is considered pCR, pooled sensitivity was slightly higher and pooled specificity slightly lower.

Correlation of Mammographic Microcalcifications with Final Surgical Pathology After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Imaging guidelines for post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) breast cancer patients lack specificity on appropriateness and utility of individual modalities for surgical planning. Microcalcifications confound mammographic interpretation. We examined the correlation between the mammographic extent of microcalcifications present post-NAC, corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions, and definitive surgical pathology. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, patients with calcifications on mammography were collected from a database of consecutive breast cancer patients receiving NAC. The primary objective was to determine the correlation between maximum dimension of post-NAC calcifications with surgical pathology (invasive disease, tumor bed, and ductal carcinoma in situ [DCIS]), stratified by tumor receptor subgroup. Secondarily, we examined the correlation of residual disease with MRI mass enhancement (ME) and non-ME (NME). Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to evaluate statistical significance (strong: R2 ≥70%; moderate: R2=25-70%; weak: R2 ≤25%). RESULTS: Overall, 186 patients met the inclusion criteria. Mammographic calcifications correlated poorly with invasive disease (R2 = 10.8%), overestimating by 57%. In patients with calcifications on mammography, MRI ME and NME correlated weakly with the maximum dimension of invasive disease and DCIS. In triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients, invasive disease correlated strongly with the maximum dimension of calcifications (R2 = 83%) and moderately with ME (R2 = 37.7%) and NME (R2 = 28.4%). CONCLUSION: Overall, current imaging techniques correlate poorly and overestimate final surgical pathology. This poor correlation may lead to uncertainty in the extent of required surgical excision and the exclusion of potential candidates for non-surgical management in ongoing trials. TNBCs would be good candidates for these trials given the stronger observed correlations between pathology and imaging.

Effect of 3α-dihydroprogesterone and 5α-dihydroprogesterone on DCIS cells and possible impact for postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: Progesterone metabolites 5α-dihydroprogesterone (5αP) and 3α-dihydroprogesterone (3αP) have opposite effects on proliferation, apoptosis and metastasis in the breast. Evidence regarding their influence on ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) lesions is lacking. METHODS: MCF10DCIS.com cells were cultured in a 3D culture system and treated with 5αP or 3αP. After 5 and 12 days of treatment, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of proliferation, invasion/metastasis, anti-apoptotic or other markers was performed. Cells treated with the tumor-promoting 5αP were observed under the light and confocal microscopes to reveal possible morphological changes that could indicate a transition from an in situ to an invasive phenotype. As a control, the morphology of the MDA-MB-231 invasive cell line was examined. The invasive potential after exposure to 5αP was also assessed using a detachment assay. RESULTS: The PCR analysis of the chosen markers showed no statistically significant difference between naive cells and cells treated with 5αP or 3αP. DCIS spheroids retained their in situ morphology after treatment with 5αP. The detachment assay showed no increased potential for invasion after exposure to 5αP. Progesterone metabolites 5αP and 3αP do not facilitate or prohibit tumor promotion/invasion in MCF10DCIS.com cells, respectively. CONCLUSION: As oral micronized progesterone has been proved effective for hot flushes in postmenopausal women, first in vitro data propose that progesterone-only therapy could possibly be considered for women after DCIS suffering from hot flushes.

Efficacy and safety of endocrine therapy after mastectomy in patients with hormone receptor positive breast ductal carcinoma in situ: Retrospective cohort study.

Background: More than half of Chinese patients with hormone receptor positive (HR+) ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) are treated with mastectomy, and usually subjected to postoperative endocrine therapy (ET). Given that long-term ET can cause severe adverse effects it is important to determine the beneficial effect and safety of post-mastectomy ET on the disease-free survival (DFS) and adverse events in patients with HR+ DCIS. Methods: To explore beneficial effect and safety of post-mastectomy ET in patients with HR+ DCIS, we performed a multicenter, population-based study. This retrospective study analyzed the DFS and adverse events in 1037 HR+ DCIS Chinese patients with or without post-mastectomy ET from eight breast centers between 2006 and 2016. The median follow-up time period was 86 months. Results: There were 791 DCIS patients receiving ET (ET group). Those patients were followed up for a median of 86 months (range, 60-177 months). There were 23 cases with tumor recurrence or distant metastasis. There were similar 5-year DFS rates and DFS between the ET and non-ET groups, even for those with high-risk factors. Conversely, 37.04% of patients suffered from adverse events after ET, which were significantly higher than those in the non-ET group. Conclusions: ET after mastectomy did not benefit patients with HR+ DCIS for their DFS, rather increased adverse events in those patients. Therefore, ET after mastectomy may not be recommended for patients with HR+ DCIS, even for those with high-risk factors, such as multifocal, microinvasive, and higher T stage. Funding: This study was supported by grants from Outstanding Scientific Fund of Shengjing Hospital (201803) and Outstanding Young Scholars of Liaoning Province (2019-YQ-10).

X-Ray Visualization of Intraductal Ethanol-Based Ablative Treatment for Prevention of Breast Cancer in Rat Models.

There are still a limited number of primary interventions for prevention of breast cancer. For women at a high risk of developing breast cancer, the most effective intervention is prophylactic mastectomy. This is a drastic surgical procedure in which the mammary epithelial cells that can give rise to breast cancer are completely removed along with the surrounding tissue. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the feasibility of a minimally invasive intraductal procedure that could become a new primary intervention for breast cancer prevention. This local procedure would preferentially ablate mammary epithelial cells before they can become malignant. Intraductal methods to deliver solutions directly to these epithelial cells in rodent models of breast cancer have been developed at Michigan State University and elsewhere. The rat mammary gland consists of a single ductal tree that has a simpler and more linear architecture compared to the human breast. However, chemically induced rat models of breast cancer offer valuable tools for proof-of-concept studies of new preventive interventions and scalability from mouse models to humans. Here, a procedure for intraductal delivery of an ethanol-based ablative solution containing tantalum oxide nanoparticles as X-ray contrast agent and ethyl cellulose as gelling agent into the rat mammary ductal tree is described. Delivery of aqueous reagents (e.g., cytotoxic compounds, siRNAs, AdCre) by intraductal injection has been described previously in mouse and rat models. This protocol description emphasizes methodological changes and steps that pertain uniquely to delivering an ablative solution, formulation consideration to minimize local and systemic side effects of the ablative solution, and X-ray imaging for in vivo assessment of ductal tree filling. Fluoroscopy and micro-CT techniques enable to determine the success of ablative solution delivery and the extent of ductal tree filling thanks to compatibility with the tantalum-containing contrast agent.

The Effect of Black Cohosh on Ki67 expression and Tumor Volume: A Pilot Study of Ductal Carcinoma in Situ Patients.

BACKGROUND: Black cohosh (BC) (Cimicifuga racemosa) may prevent and treat breast cancer through anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-estrogenic, and anti-inflammatory effects. This study sought to evaluate the effect of BC on tumor cellular proliferation, measured by Ki67 expression, in a pre-operative window trial of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) patients. METHODS: Patients were treated pre-operatively for 2 to 6 weeks with BC extract. Eligible subjects were those who had DCIS on core biopsy. Ki67 was measured using automated quantitative immunofluorescence (AQUA) pre/post-operatively. Ki67, tumor volume, and hormone changes were assessed with 2-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, α = .05. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients were treated for an average of 24.5 days (median 25; range 15-36). Ki67 decreased non-significantly (n = 26; P = .20; median pre-treatment 1280, post-treatment 859; range pre-treatment 175-7438, post-treatment 162-3370). Tumor volume, estradiol, and FSH did not change significantly. No grade 3 or 4 adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS: BC use showed no significant impact on cellular proliferation, tumor volume, or invasive disease upgrade rates in DCIS patients. It was well-tolerated, with no observed significant toxicities. Further study is needed to elucidate BC's role in breast cancer treatment and prevention.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01628536https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01628536.

Factors influencing the initiation of adjuvant endocrine therapy in patients with estrogen receptor-positive ductal carcinoma in situ: a single institution experience.

PURPOSE: This study evaluates whether race, socioeconomic status, insurance type, oncological provider type, and prior cancer treatment are associated with the suggestion and acceptance of hormonal therapy in patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). This study also assesses whether disparities exist pertaining to prescription of such medications. METHODS: This single-center retrospective study included 111 patients diagnosed with DCIS between 2020 and 2021. Data collected included race, type of insurance, prescribing providers, and socioeconomic status. We used zip codes to identify the poverty levels in these areas as published in the United States Census Bureau and stratified the patients into quartiles accordingly. Chi-Square statistics were used to calculate significance levels. RESULTS: There was no significant correlation between the intake of hormonal therapy and race (p = 0.60), insurance (p = 0.50), socioeconomic (p = 0.58), or providers (p = 0.99). 79.3% of women were offered endocrine therapy. Of those who were offered endocrine therapy, 70.8% accepted. Of patients not on hormonal therapy, 45.8% were not recommended the medications by their provider, and 54.2% declined treatment when offered. CONCLUSION: In this study, patients' demographics and providers were not associated with adjuvant hormonal therapy initiation in DCIS. Our results show that abstaining from endocrine therapy in DCIS patients is both due to lack of provider recommendation and patient rejection of these medications. The wide variation in hormonal therapy treatment among ER-positive DCIS patients suggests a need for improved provider-patient communication regarding the risks and benefits of endocrine therapy in order to ensure a shared decision-making process.

Association of Residual Ductal Carcinoma In Situ With Breast Cancer Recurrence in the Neoadjuvant I-SPY2 Trial.

Importance: Pathologic complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in breast cancer strongly correlates with overall survival and has become the standard end point in neoadjuvant trials. However, there is controversy regarding whether the definition of pCR should exclude or permit the presence of residual ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Objective: To examine the association of residual DCIS in surgical specimens after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer with survival end points to inform standards for the assessment of pathologic complete response. Design, Setting, and Participants: The study team analyzed the association of residual DCIS after NAC with 3-year event-free survival (EFS), distant recurrence-free survival (DRFS), and local-regional recurrence (LRR) in the I-SPY2 trial, an adaptive neoadjuvant platform trial for patients with breast cancer at high risk of recurrence. This is a retrospective analysis of clinical specimens and data from the ongoing I-SPY2 adaptive platform trial of novel therapeutics on a background of standard of care for early breast cancer. I-SPY2 participants are adult women diagnosed with stage II/III breast cancer at high risk of recurrence. Interventions: Participants were randomized to receive taxane and anthracycline-based neoadjuvant therapy with or without 1 of 10 investigational agents, followed by definitive surgery. Main Outcomes and Measures: The presence of DCIS and EFS, DRFS, and LRR. Results: The study team identified 933 I-SPY2 participants (aged 24 to 77 years) with complete pathology and follow-up data. Median follow-up time was 3.9 years; 337 participants (36%) had no residual invasive disease (residual cancer burden 0, or pCR). Of the 337 participants with pCR, 70 (21%) had residual DCIS, which varied significantly by tumor-receptor subtype; residual DCIS was present in 8.5% of triple negative tumors, 15.6% of hormone-receptor positive tumors, and 36.6% of ERBB2-positive tumors. Among those participants with pCR, there was no significant difference in EFS, DRFS, or LRR based on presence or absence of residual DCIS. Conclusions and Relevance: The analysis supports the definition of pCR as the absence of invasive disease after NAC regardless of the presence or absence of DCIS. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01042379.

The effectiveness and safety of neoadjuvant pertuzumab and trastuzumab in women with locally advanced, inflammatory, or early-stage human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer: Turkish Oncology Group study.

In our study, we aimed to evaluate the pathological response rates and side effect profile of adding pertuzumab to the treatment of HER2+ locally advanced, inflammatory, or early-stage breast cancer. This study was conducted by the Turkish Oncology Group (TOG) with data collected from 32 centers. Our study was multicentric, and a total of 364 patients were included. The median age of the patients was 49 years (18-85 years). Two hundred fifteen (60%) of the cases were hormone receptor/HER2+ positive(ER+ or PR+, or both), and 149 (40%) of them were HER2-rich (ER and PR negative). The number of complete responses was 124 (54%) in the docetaxel+trastuzumab+pertuzumab arm and 102 (45%) in the paclitaxel+trastuzumab+pertuzumab arm, and there was no difference between the groups in terms of complete response. In 226 (62%) patients with complete response, a significant correlation was found with DCIS, tumor focality, removed lymph node, and ER status P < 0.05. Anemia, nausea, vomiting, myalgia, alopecia, and mucosal inflammation were significantly higher in the docetaxel arm, P < 0.05. In our study, no statistical difference was found between the before-after echocardiography values. DCIS positivity in biopsy before neoadjuvant chemotherapy, tumor focality; the number of lymph nodes removed and ER status were found to be associated with pCR. In conclusion, we think that studies evaluating pCR-related clinicopathological variables and radiological imaging features will play a critical role in the development of nonsurgical treatment approaches.

Intraductal Delivery and X-ray Visualization of Ethanol-Based Ablative Solution for Prevention and Local Treatment of Breast Cancer in Mouse Models.

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer and the second-leading cause of cancer-related death for women in the USA. For high-risk women, prophylactic mastectomy is the most effective primary prevention strategy. Prophylactic mastectomy is an aggressive surgical procedure that completely removes the mammary epithelial cells from which breast cancer arises along with the surrounding tissue. We seek to develop a minimally invasive intraductal procedure as an alternative to prophylactic mastectomy to locally ablate the mammary epithelial cells before they can become malignant. We and others have developed an intraductal delivery procedure to reach and treat these epithelial cells in rodent models of breast cancer. While the mouse mammary gland with a single non-anastomosed ductal tree opening at the nipple has a much less complex and tortuous architecture than the human breast, chemically induced and genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer are valuable to produce proof-of-concept studies of new preventative strategies. Here, we describe a procedure for intraductal delivery of an ethanol-based ablative solution containing micro-CT/X-ray tantalum-based contrast agent within the mouse mammary ductal tree for the therapeutic purpose of primary prevention of breast cancer. Intraductal delivery of aqueous reagents (e.g., cytotoxic compounds, siRNAs, AdCre) has been previously described in mouse models. Thus, we focus our protocol description on methodological modifications and unique experimental considerations for optimizing delivery of ethanol, for minimizing local and systemic side effects of ethanol administration, and for in vivo visualization of ductal tree filling via micro-CT/fluoroscopy imaging. Visualization of the ductal tree immediately after injection of a contrast-containing solution allows for confirmation of complete filling or unsuccessful outcomes such as underfilling or overfilling. This procedure can be applied for delivery and imaging of other ablative compounds aimed at either preventing tumor formation or locally treating early-stage tumors accessible via the ductal tree.

Nipple-sparing Mastectomy with Immediate Implant-based Reconstruction for Patients with Pure Ductal Carcinoma in Situ / Mastectomia preservadora demamilo com reconstrução imediata baseada em implante para pacientes com carcinoma ductal puro in situ

Abstract Objective The presence of an extensive intraductal component is associated to an increasing risk of relapse in the nipple-areola complex. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the outcomes of patients diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) who underwent nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) with immediate breast reconstruction using silicone implants. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the postoperative complications and oncological safety of 67 breast cancer patients diagnosed with pure DCIS who underwent NSM with immediate breast reconstruction using silicone implants between 2004 and 2018. Results Among the 127 NSM procedures performed, 2 hematomas (1.5%) and 1 partial nipple necrosis (0.7%) were observed. After a mean follow-up of 60months, the local recurrence rate was of 8.9%, the disease-free survival rate was of 90%, and 1 of the patients died. Conclusion Despite the local recurrence rate, we showed that NSM with immediate breast reconstruction using silicone implants is a feasible surgical approach, with a low rate of complications and high survival rates for patients with a diagnosis of pure DCIS when breast-conserving surgery is not an option.

Resumo Objetivo A presença de componente intraductal extenso é associada ao risco aumentado de recorrência no complexo aréolo-mamilar. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os resultados de pacientes diagnosticados com carcinoma ductal in situ (CDIS)submetidas a adenomastectomia (nipple-sparing mastectomy, NSM, em inglês) com reconstrução mamária imediata utilizando prótese de silicone. Métodos Restrospectivamente, foramanalisadas as complicações pós-operatórias e a segurança oncológica de 67 pacientes com câncer de mama diagnosticadas com CDIS puro, e submetidas a NSM com reconstrução mamária imediata utilizando prótese de silicone, entre 2004 e 2018. Resultados Entre os 127 procedimentos realizados, 2 hematomas (1,5%) e 1 necrose parcial de mamilo (0,7%) foram observados. Após um período médio de 60 meses de seguimento, a taxa de recorrência local foi de 8,9%, a sobrevida livre de doença, de 90%, e apenas 1 paciente foi a óbito. Conclusão Apesar da taxa de recorrência local, demostrou-se que NSM com reconstrução mamária imediata comprótese de silicone é umprocedimento viável, combaixa taxa de complicação e alta sobrevida para pacientes com diagnóstico de CDIS puro quando a cirurgia conservadora da mama não é uma opção.

LncRNA IPW inhibits growth of ductal carcinoma in situ by downregulating ID2 through miR-29c.

BACKGROUND: Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of breast is the noninvasive lesion that has propensity to progress to the malignant form. At present, it is still unknown which lesions can potentially progress to invasive forms. In this study, we aimed to identify key lncRNAs involved in DCIS growth. METHODS: We employ disease-related lncProfiler array to identify IPW in specimens of DCIS and matching control samples and validate the observations in three DCIS-non-tumorigenic cell lines. Further, we examine the mechanism of IPW action and the downstream signaling in in vitro and in vivo assays. Importantly, we screened a library containing 390 natural compounds to identify candidate compound selectively inhibiting IPW low DCIS cells. RESULTS: We identified lncRNA IPW as a novel tumor suppressor critical for inhibiting DCIS growth. Ectopic expression of IPW in DCIS cells strongly inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation and cell cycle progression while silencing IPW in primary breast cells promoted their growth. Additionally, orthotropic implantation of cells with ectopic expression of IPW exhibited decreased tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, IPW epigenetically enhanced miR-29c expression by promoting H3K4me3 enrichment in its promoter region. Furthermore, we identified that miR-29c negatively regulated a stemness promoting gene, ID2, and diminished self-renewal ability of DCIS cells. Importantly, we screened a library containing 390 natural compounds and identified toyocamycin as a compound that selectively inhibited the growth of DCIS with low expression of IPW, while it did not affect DCIS with high IPW expression. Toyocamycin also suppressed genes associated with self-renewal ability and inhibited DCIS growth in vivo. CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed a critical role of the IPW-miR-29c-ID2 axis in DCIS formation and suggested potential clinical use of toyocamycin for the treatment of DCIS.

Association between antidepressant use and second breast cancer event after ductal carcinoma in situ diagnosis: a nested case-control study.

PURPOSE: Controversy exists regarding the potential relationship between antidepressant use and risk of breast cancer. No previous studies have evaluated the relationship between antidepressant use after diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and risk of a subsequent breast cancer restricted to women with a history of DCIS. METHODS: We conducted a population-based, nested case-control study in western Washington State. Cases included 337 women diagnosed with DCIS and a subsequent breast cancer and they were compared to 592 individually matched controls (on age, year of DCIS diagnosis, primary treatment, histology, grade, and disease-free survival time) who were diagnosed with DCIS but not a subsequent breast cancer. Information on antidepressant use after DCIS diagnosis was obtained from comprehensive medical records reviews. Antidepressant use was defined as greater or equal to 3 months of duration. RESULTS: Antidepressant use after initial DCIS was associated with a 1.4-fold increased risk of a subsequent breast cancer event (adjusted OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.02, 1.95). Similar risks were observed when assessing individual antidepressant classes, however, there was no sufficient power across specific classes of antidepressants. CONCLUSIONS: Antidepressant use after DCIS diagnosis was associated with an increased risk of subsequent breast cancer in women. Further studies are needed to confirm the associations observed.